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Par Lea Mongenot

English version :

#stopEACOP is the new environmental movement to stop one of the biggest projects of the company TotalEnergie, a pipeline to transport oil through Uganda and Tanzania. The issue is not the use of fossil fuels, but rather the destruction of ecosystems that the pipeline will cause.

To begin with, the 1,443km pipeline, will be heated, and is expected to create more than 6 billion barrels of oil per year, resulting in the emission of more than 34 million tons of CO2.

TotalEnergie's pipeline will cross East Africa through Uganda and Tanzania. This open cut project is the cheapest method for the company but will cause the most damage. The pipes will cut through 16 protected areas representing 2,000 km2 of disturbed and fragmented habitat.

The disaster for the ecosystems is immense: the creation of trenches to lay the pipes will have consequences for animals such as giraffes, zebras, buffaloes or even lions, and will lead to the direct destruction of their habitats. It will also affect birds and migratory animals such as elephants and chimpanzees.

In addition, marine ecosystems will also be threatened due to the high risk of oil spills caused by the fact that the Tanzanian coast is a tsunami and earthquake risk zone. The problem is that Lake Victoria is one of the sources of the Nile, so any leakage could have disastrous consequences such as poisoning the water resources of the region...

The problem is that not only will the ecology be impacted, but also 100,000 people will have to be displaced during the construction of the pipeline.

As noted, TotalEnergie will cause many ecological problems, but of course TotalEnergie defends itself by explaining that their oil project will produce 80,000 jobs, including 11,000 direct jobs, and also promises 2 billion in benefits for local businesses.

The pipeline is therefore a huge project that will bring a lot of profit to TotalEnergie, but will destroy a lot of the environment, which is why environmentalists are demonstrating and some people are suing TotalEnergie for its EACOP project.

Version française :

#stopEACOP, c'est le nouveau mouvement écologique pour stopper un des plus grands projets de l’entreprise TotalEnergie, un pipeline pour transporter du pétrole à travers l'Ouganda et la Tanzanie. Le problème n’est pas de favoriser l’utilisation d'énergies fossiles, mais plutôt la destruction des écosystèmes que va causer la création de ce pipeline.

Pour commencer, le pipeline qui mesurera 1443 km de tuyaux sera chauffé, il a pour but de créer plus de 6 milliard de barils de pétroles par an, ce qui entraînera une émission de plus de 34 millions de tonnes de CO2.

Le pipeline de TotalEnergie va traverser l'Afrique de l’Est passant par l'Ouganda et la Tanzanie. Ce projet de tranchée à ciel ouvert est la méthode la moins chère pour l’entreprise mais qui causera le plus de dégâts. Les tuyaux vont traverser 16 aires protégées ce qui représente 2000 km2 d’habitat perturbés et fragmentés.

Le désastre pour les écosystèmes est immense, la création de tranchées pour poser les tuyaux aura des conséquences pour les animaux comme les girafes, les zèbres, les buffles ou même les lions, ce sera la destruction directe de leurs habitats. Ainsi que pour les oiseaux et les animaux migrateurs avec par exemple les éléphants ou les chimpanzés.

De plus, les écosystèmes marins vont aussi être menacés à cause du grand risque de marée noire causée par le fait que les côtes tanzaniennes sont une zone à risque de tsunami et de séisme. Le problème est que le lac Victoria est une des sources du Nil, la moindre fuite pourrait donc avoir des conséquences désastreuses comme empoisonner les ressources en eau de la région...

Le problème est que non seulement l'écologie va être impactée, 100 000 personnes vont devoir être déplacées pendant la construction du pipeline.

Comme observé, TotalEnergie va causer de nombreux problèmes écologiques, mais évidemment TotalEnergie se défend en expliquant que leur projet pétrolier va produire 80 000 emplois dont 11 000 emplois directs, et promettent aussi 2 milliard de bénéfices pour les entreprises locales.

Le pipeline est donc un immense projet qui rapportera énormément de bénéfice à l’entreprise TotalEnergie, mais qui détruira beaucoup l'environnement, c'est pour ça que les écologistes manifestent et que certaines personnes poursuivent en justice l’entreprise TotalEnergie pour son projet EACOP.

Research Report, Ferney-Voltaire Model United Nations 2022

COMMITTEE : World health Organisation
ISSUE : How to ensure global and equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines?
CHAIRS : Emma Robinson & Emna TOUNSI

KEY WORDS

Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 : virus from the coronaviridae family, responsible for the
infectious respiratory disease called Covid-19, first identified in China in January 2020.

Vaccine : substance administered into the body - usually by injection - which aims to protect
against viruses by introducing killed or attenuated forms of infectious agents to stimulate the
body’s immune response and create the necessary antibodies to fight the real disease.
There are 3 main types of vaccines:
1) Live attenuated vaccines, which contain disease causing pathogens but deprived of
their infectious capacity, allowing a fairly effective protection against the targeted virus.
However, this type of vaccine is not recommended for pregnant women or people with a
weakened immune system;
2) Inactivated vaccines, which do not contain a live virus or bacterium but rather
fractions of the deactivated infectious agent. This is the most commonly used method for
vaccines;
3) Messenger RNA vaccines: this technique replicates the genetic code of the virus’
antibody protein so that, once inserted in the body, the latter can promote the
production of proteins and antigens allowing the immune system to quickly recognize
and destroy the virus.

Vaccination : strategy aiming to protect the population by using vaccines to fight serious
diseases. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination as a preventive measure was a highly
controversial issue.

GAVI, Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation : international organization created by
the WHO in January 2000 to address the issue of vaccination. It created the COVAX program in
April 2020 to promote the equitable distribution of COVID vaccines on a global scale.
Global and equitable access : Granting the right to benefit from something - in this case,
vaccines - at all levels, regional, national, or international, and regardless of the economic
situation, political context, or social status of individuals.

OVERVIEW

In November 2019, the first coronavirus cases appeared in the Chinese city of Wuhan.
Today, there are more than 240 million people who have contracted the disease, and the death
toll exceeds 4 million deaths, numbers that will continue to rise if the global community doesn't
intervene quickly to implement both short term and long-term solutions. While some countries
are already preparing to offer a third vaccination dose to their citizens, other countries have not
even started their vaccination strategies yet.
Covid-19 is a viral infection that affects all age groups, but manifests itself in various ways. A
patient can be asymptomatic, which means they’ve contracted the disease but without
manifesting any outward signs. The virus can also be perceived as only a mild sickness, such as a
simple cold or a temporary flu; and in the most serious cases, for patients presenting immunal
or respiratory deficiencies, the virus tends to exacerbate pre-existing medical conditions,
causing more severe respiratory disorders that can often prove to be fatal.

1) Vaccination policies, the only real solution?
The ease with which the virus spreads from one individual to another has led to
long-lasting and devastating social, economic and political impacts, prompting many countries
to adopt more or less radical preventive measures, such as quarantine, confinement, border
closures, curfews, etc. Although these measures help to slow down the spread of the disease,
serious economic and social consequences will continue to arise as long as the virus isn’t fully
eradicated. In order to do so, it is therefore important to implement long term solutions, and the
international community has turned to medical experts and pharmaceutical industries for help
and advice.
To date, no conventional chemical drug is able to fully cure or prevent the virus. Medication
such as paracetamol can help limit its unpleasant effects, but the only effective preventive
treatment against COVID-19 is vaccination: it allows individuals to protect themselves whilst
simultaneously reducing the virus’ chances of spreading to others. For this reason, governments
alongside private investors have encouraged and financed the development, purchase and
distribution of vaccines.

2) Main challenges and inequalities
As vaccine production increases, inequalities accumulate as well. As of May 2021, 75% of
all vaccine doses had been administered in only 10 countries. Higher income countries are not only able to produce the vaccines, but also purchase them quickly and distribute them to their
own populations without much difficulty. Pursuing national self-interests, some countries such
as India have even tried to block vaccine exports abroad. So even if lower income countries such
as some in Africa or Asia had sufficient funding to buy the necessary doses, they would still have
to deal with governmental measures restricting vaccine exportations abroad. Another major
problem is the transportation and storage of vaccines, which both require specialized and costly
infrastructures, such as adequate roads, adapted vehicles and freezers. Many countries are
currently unable to properly distribute vaccine doses to all their citizens, especially those living
in rural areas, and then provide the necessary preservation means for them. Finally, a shortage
of health care personnel to properly administer vaccines and a lack supporting medical and
technical equipment such as syringes or computers, is a serious hindrance as well.
In addition to these material and technical problems, the attitudes of certain governments and
individuals can be a major obstacle to immunisation. Certain political or other influential figures
contribute to the spread of misinformation regarding vaccines and discourage their fellow
citizens from getting vaccinated. In Tanzania, for example, the country’s Health Minister held a
press conference denying the vaccine’s positive results and instead promoted a vegetable
smoothie that was supposed to fight the virus. This refusal to recognize the importance of
vaccines and the tendency to condemn the entire vaccination process is slowing down the fight
against the pandemic.

3) A major global issue
Our highly globalized and interconnected world requires vaccination on a global scale for
vaccination measures to be truly successful. If only a few citizens of certain countries are
vaccinated, it will be difficult to keep borders open for travel or trade, both of which are essential
to the economic well-being of many countries.

"No one is safe from COVID-19 until the entire world is safe."
- Volkan Bozkır, President of the United Nations General Assembly

In partnership with the WHO, the NGO GAVI established the COVAX program, which to
date remains the only global initiative working with States and manufacturers alike to ensure
the availability of Covid vaccines worldwide. According to the latest data, COVAX has already
shipped more than 236 million doses to 139 program participants, and continues to build on
support from States and donor foundations to ensure equitable vaccine procurement and
distribution. But the platform still faces many challenges, such as vaccine export controls in
some countries, inaccessible locations, insufficient funding, and competition from States that
favor direct agreements with pharmaceutical companies instead of a more cooperative
approach.

RELEVANT UN TREATIES AND EVENTS

25/01/2008
Global Immunisation Strategy - World Health Assembly

This strategy aims to expand access to new vaccines whilst monitoring the population for
potential side effects. The Assembly stresses the importance of working with international
partners and donors to ensure the proper distribution of vaccines as well as setting an affordable
price for all countries, especially low-income countries. It also calls on the international
community to further research, development and regulatory measures in the field of vaccines,
particularly for developing countries.

21/02/2013
Global vaccine action plan 2011-2020 - WHO
In May 2012, the World Health Assembly and 194 countries came together to implement a
global vaccine action plan to reduce the number of deaths linked to curable or preventable
diseases. The plan is based on six principles, namely: Country ownership, Shared responsibility
and partnerships, Equity, Integration, Sustainability and Innovation. In practical terms,
immunisation is an important component of the right to health, so it is important that people
are informed about immunisation and that governments provide effective immunisation
services. For its implementation, it is necessary to ensure good organisation and financial
management.

26/02/2021
Resolution on equitable distribution of COVID-19 vaccines - UN Security Council
In February 2021, the Security Council gathered to address the issue of global immunisation.
Aware of the humanitarian conflicts and the varying degrees of inequality between countries, a
resolution was drafted and ratified to find solutions to obstacles that slow down the fight against
Covid-19. Specifically, it was proposed that no country should stockpile vaccines, but that all
vaccines produced should be available for immediate use; that all health systems should be
optimised; and that parties engaged in armed conflict should sign a ceasefire to facilitate the safe
transport and distribution of vaccines.

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
In order to ensure global, rapid and efficient vaccine production and distribution,
cooperation between States and international organisations must be promoted, on financial,
technical and material levels.

Favoring an adapted and efficient distribution
- Establish a collective management of vaccination policies to allow for a proportional
distribution of vaccines in relation to the number of a country’s inhabitants.
- Prioritize immunisation for essential medical personnel, as well as for people in poor
health or advanced in age.
- Take advantage of existing multilateral architecture, particularly COVAX, to strengthen
supply chains and expand global vaccine delivery capacity.
- Encourage partnerships with companies such as DHL, FedEx and UPS, which are well
equipped to meet cold chain transport requirements in a safe and timely manner.

Building trust and cooperation
- In order to counteract fake news and promote public confidence in vaccines, a possible
solution is to conduct awareness campaigns in schools, public places, on social media etc.
so that the population is fully aware of the health situation, the exact functioning of
vaccines, as well as the urgent need to get vaccinated.

Promote research, production and distribution
- Harmonise the fight against COVID-19 by pooling together the efforts of all laboratories
internationally to increase knowledge related to the virus and better anticipate future
pandemics.
- Ensure that outdated policies, such as those related to trade, taxation and customs, do
not slow down or prevent global distribution.
- Another possibility would be to adapt laws protecting the intellectual property of
vaccines: models of intellectual property exploitation based on sharing, rather than
control, can be encouraged, for example. Another possibility would be to amend patent
laws to protect the technology required for developing or producing the mRNA vaccine,
rather than the product itself (the vaccine).

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Depuis 6 ans, Melati, 18 ans, combat la pollution plastique qui ravage son pays, l’Indonésie. Comme elle, une génération se lève pour réparer le monde. Partout, adolescents et jeunes adultes luttent contre la crise migratoire, démocratique ou climatique, et toute forme d’injustice. Seuls contre tous, parfois au péril de leur vie et sécurité, ils protègent, dénoncent, soignent les autres. La terre. Et ils changent tout. Melati part à leur rencontre à travers le globe.